Generation of solid waste has increased with development and urbanisation, posing threats not only to the environment but also to the survival of human civilisation. This review paper synthesises the existing research carried out on solid waste management practices in urban areas, focusing on interlinked dimensions, viz. (a) sources and generation patterns of solid waste; (b) physico-chemical and biological characterisation of solid waste; (c) methods evolved for treatment, recovery, and disposal of solid waste; and (d) role of government, institutions and policy mechanisms linked with the solid waste. The main focus is on variation across regions, technology–context fit, resource recovery pathways and prospects for development of the circular economy. The review includes evidence from recent meta-analyses, technology reviews, and governance studies, emphasising important trade-offs and policy essentials for resilient, sustainable waste management systems in urban areas. The review paper concludes with suggestions for integrated monitoring, capacity building, and regulatory reforms to advance circular and safe waste systems in rapidly urbanising regions.

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An official publication of Society for Environment and Development (SED India)